Philippines
Area, Scene of
Battles of Leyte Gulf (see
October 1944)
...1944
SEPTEMBER
1944
ATLANTIC
- SEPTEMBER 1944
Canada
- At the
second Quebec Conference, Prime
Minister Churchill and
President Roosevelt reviewed the
progress of the war.
They agreed the British Pacific
Fleet would serve under
American Command.
Atomic
Bomb - Far
across North America in the
southwest, the massive atomic
bomb programme approached its
climax at Los Alamos, New
Mexico. Although intelligence
reports suggested Germany
had made little progress with
nuclear research, the by
now mainly American work continued
and a B-29 Flying
Superfortress bomber unit was
formed to train for the
dropping of this awesome and
untried weapon.
Russian
Convoys - Return
Russian convoy RA59A
(nine ships) was off northwest
Norway when "U-394" was damaged by
Swordfish of 825 Squadron
and sunk on the 2nd by
destroyers
"Keppel" and "Whitehall" and
sloops
"Mermaid" and "Peacock". The
convoy
arrived safely at Loch Ewe on the
6th. Nine days later
the next Russian-bound convoy, JW60
set out with
30 merchantmen. They too arrived
at their destination
without loss before the month was
out. The next convoy
returning from Russia, RA60
left Kola on the 28th
with 30 ships, but by the time it
arrived at Loch Ewe in
early October had lost two
merchantmen to U-boat attack.
While still to the northwest of
Norway on the 30th,
Swordfish of 813 Squadron from
escort carrier
Campania
sank "U-921".
Monthly
Loss Summary: 3 British,
Allied
and neutral ships of 17,000 tons
in the Atlantic from all
causes, 1 US destroyer in a
hurricane off Bahamas; 7 U-boats
including
1 cause unknown and 1 mined off
Iceland, 1 by RAF off the
Azores, 1 by US Navy off Cape
Verde Islands, 1 by US
aircraft in South
Atlantic
EUROPE
- SEPTEMBER 1944
Western
Front - US Army divisions
now exceeded British and
Commonwealth divisions in the
European Theatres for the
first time. Reflecting this, on
the 1st, Gen Eisenhower
assumed direct command of all
Allied ground forces and by
mid-month had taken under his
control the US and French
forces advancing from the south of
France. From north to
south the Allied Armies and areas
of operation were
structured thus:
British
21st
Army Group
(Gen Montgomery) |
Canadian
First
Army
|
Channel
coast
of France and into
Belgium and southern
Holland.
|
|
British
Second
Army
|
Through
central
Belgium and into
southern Holland and the
German border opposite
the Ruhr.
|
US
12th
Army Group
(Gen Bradley) |
US
First
Army
|
Through
southern
Belgium and Luxembourg
towards Germany
south of the Ruhr
|
|
US
Third
Army
|
Through
central
and eastern France
towards the German
border opposite the Saar
|
US
Sixth
Army Group
(Gen Devers)
|
US
Seventh
Army/French First Army
|
From
central
France towards the east
and the German border
south of the Saar.
|
On the
Channel coast, the Canadians
captured Dieppe on
the 1st, Boulogne on the 22nd and
Calais on the 30th. By
the 12th, British units of
Canadian First Army had taken
Le Havre, but Dunkirk held out
until the end of the war.
Further east, British
Second Army crossed the
Belgian border on the 2nd,
liberated Brussels next day
and Antwerp the day after.
Unfortunately the vital port
could not be used until the
Germans were cleared from the
Scheldt approaches. The Dutch
border was reached on the
11th and shortly after, Operation
'Market Garden' -
"The Bridge Too Far" - was
launched, aimed at
getting across the Rhine in
Holland and around the
northern end of the Siegfried
Line. On the 17th, US 101st
Airborne Division landed around
Eindhoven, US 82nd
Airborne near Nijmegen to take the
bridges over the
Rivers Maas/Meuse and Waal/Rhine,
and the British 1st
Airborne at Arnhem to capture the
Lower Rhine bridge. As
the drops took place, British
Second Army thrust forward.
The entire operation almost
succeeded, but the British
paratroops, in spite of great
gallantry could not capture
the bridge, and Second Army was
unable to reach them. The
survivors were evacuated across
the Lower Rhine on the
night of the 25th/26th. On the
rest of the Allied front,
the US Army Groups to the
south pushed on and by
mid-month units of First Army had
entered Luxembourg and
crossed the border of Germany
near Aachen. Allied
supplies were now passing through
the captured Channel
ports in sufficient quantities to
dispense with
over-the-beach delivery. 'Juno'
was the last to close on
the 7th. 'Mulberry' Harbour
continued in operation until
December.
U-boat
Inshore
Campaign - With the start of
the British
Isles Inshore Campaign,
U-boats sunk off Norway and
in the Western Approaches as well
as the Bay of Biscay
are included in the European
theatre. The same applies to
British, Commonwealth and German
surface warships lost. 1st -
On passage into the
Bristol Channel as part of the
Inshore Campaign, "U-247" was sunk
close to Lands End by patrolling
Canadian frigates "St John" and
"Swansea" of the 9th EG. On the
same day,
"U-482" attacked Caribbean/UK
tanker convoy
CU36 off the northwest Irish coast
and sank "HURST
CASTLE" of the
British B1 group with an acoustic
torpedo. 9th -
Northwest of Ireland, "U-743" was
sunk near UK/North America convoy
ONF252 by escorting frigate
"Helmsdale" and
corvette "Portchester Castle". Off
the south
Hebrides "U-484" went down to
attacks by Canadian frigate
"Dunver" and corvette "Hespeler"
of
C5 group. Later in the month, RAF
aircraft sank two more
U-boats in the Northern Transit
Area.
Air
War - Although
Allied bombers continued to bomb
V-1 installations along
the Channel coast of France, it
was only when Canadian
First Army overran the sites that
London and the
southeast of England saw the last
one land. By then
nearly 10,000 launchings of the
sub-sonic pilotless
"cruise missile" had inflicted
25,000 dead and
wounded civilian casualties. Then
on the 8th the first
supersonic V-2 rocket hit London
in a deadly campaign
that lasted for over six months,
and against which there
was no defence. In October, with
the Allied capture of
Antwerp, the Germans started an
equally heavy series of
attacks with both V-1s and V-2s
against the port, right
through until April 1945.
15th
- Now it was
RAF Bomber Command's turn to hit
at battleship
"Tirpitz" in
Altenfiord in the far north of
Norway. Flying in
difficult conditions from Russian
bases near Archangel,
the Lancasters managed to get one
hit in spite of the
usual smokescreens. Partly because
of the damage, the
battleship was moved south to
Tromso.
27th
- Ex-US
destroyer "ROCKINGHAM"
was the last of her class to be
lost
while flying the White Ensign,
when she hit a mine off
Aberdeen and went down in the
North Sea. At the time she
was acting as a target ship for
aircraft training.
Eastern
Front - In
the far north Finland agreed
to a cease-fire on
the 4th and six days later in
Moscow signed an armistice
with Russia, followed by one with
the Allies. By
mid-month the Finns were
effectively at war with Germany
although the formal declaration
was not made until March.
On the Baltic front, major attacks
continued into Estonia
and Latvia, and the
Estonian capital of
Tallinn was captured on the 22nd.
In the Balkans, Rumania
signed an Allied armistice in
Moscow on the 12th, by
which time its troops were in
battle alongside the
Russians. The country was almost
free of the Germans by
the end of the month. From
Rumania, the Russians reached
the eastern border of Yugoslavia
by the 6th and
crossed into southern Hungary
before September was
out. Russia declared war on Bulgaria
on the 5th,
which in turn declared war against
Germany three days
later as Russian forces crossed
into the country near the
Black Sea. They entered Sofia on
the 16th and at the end
of October an armistice was signed
with the Allied
powers. By then Bulgarian troops
were attacking into
Yugoslavia with the Russians.
Monthly
Loss Summary: 3 British, Allied
and neutral ships of 21,000 tons
in UK waters.
MEDITERRANEAN
- SEPTEMBER 1944
South
of France,
Conclusion - The Allies
reached Lyons on the 3rd and
by the 12th, French troops
advancing from the south had
met French units of Gen Patton's
US Third Army near
Dijon. All the French and US
forces that had landed on
the French Riviera just a month
before were placed under
Gen Eisenhower's command.
Italy
- To the east,
Eighth Army crossed the Gothic
Line but came up against
increasing German resistance south
of Rimini, which was
captured by the Canadians on the
21st. However, the
Allies still had to cross a whole
series of rivers before
reaching the River Po, after which
they could break out
into northern Italy. To the west,
Fifth Army was
across the River Arno and had
broken through its end of
the Gothic Line, but was stopped
from reaching Bologna by
the German defences.
Greece
- As the
Russians attacked through Rumania
and Bulgaria towards
Yugoslavia, German troops started
to evacuate Crete,
southern Greece and the islands of
the Aegean. However
right up until May, garrisons held
out on Rhodes, western
Crete and some of the Greek
Islands.
End
of the
Mediterranean U-boats - The
last U-boats in the
Mediterranean were lost to sea and
air attack. On the 19th
schnorkel-equipped "U-407" was
sunk north of Crete by destroyers
"Terpischore", "Troubridge" and
the
Polish "Garland" of Adm
Troubridge's escort
carrier and cruiser force. Five
days later in raids on
Salamis near Athens, USAAF
aircraft sank "U-596" and the
damaged "U-565". Since June 1944
the other eight
surviving U-boats had all been
lost at Toulon, either by
USAAF raids or scuttled. In three
years the comparatively
few German U-boats in the
Mediterranean had inflicted
heavy losses on the Royal Navy
including: 1 battleship, 2
aircraft carriers, 4 cruisers and
a cruiser-minelayer, 12
destroyers. In return 68 German
U-boats had been lost from all
causes.
Royal
Navy Submarine
Operations - These too drew
to a close. With so few
German targets left, the famous
10th Submarine Flotilla
was disbanded although some of the
boats continued to
work out of Malta in the Aegean.
The last British
submarine sunk was "Sickle" three
months
earlier in June, the 45th Royal
Navy submarine loss in
the Mediterranean. From June 1940
to the end of 1944 the
flotillas had accounted for: one
million tons of Axis shipping
in the Mediterranean theatre,
three cruisers, over 30
destroyers, torpedo boats and
German and Italian
submarines. To these
could be added the uncompleted
light cruiser "Ulpio
Traiano" sunk at Palermo in
January 1943 by
submarine-launched Chariot human
torpedoes.
Monthly
Loss Summary: 1 merchant ship of
1,400 tons
INDIAN
& PACIFIC OCEANS - SEPTEMBER
1944
23rd
- Submarine
"Trenchant" on patrol off Penang
in the Malacca
Strait sank "U-859" arriving from
operations in the Indian
Ocean. One flotilla of
Ceylon-based submarines moved to
Western Australia to work in East
lndies waters under
American Seventh Fleet command.
Halmaheras,
Palau
Islands & Ulithi, Western
Pacific - Gen
MacArthur's South West Pacific
campaign and the Central
Pacific advance of Adm Nimitz were
about to meet for the
invasion of the Philippines.
Before they did, three more
landings took place in the month,
two on the 15th to
secure bases for the coming
assaults. To the northwest of
New Guinea, Gen MacArthur's men
were landed on Morotai in
the Halmaheras by Seventh
Fleet, which included cruisers
Australia
and
Shropshire
of the Royal Australian Navy. Air
bases were soon under
construction. On the same day,
Third Fleet under Adm
Halsey set US Marines ashore on
the Palau Islands.
Although vicious fighting
continued for some weeks, the
issue was never in doubt as
the Japanese were wiped out,
pocket by pocket, in the
limestone caves. On the 23rd, the
unoccupied atoll of Ulithi
in the western Carolines was taken
as a major fleet anchorage.
Monthly
Loss Summary: Indian Ocean only -
1 merchant ships of 5,600 tons
OCTOBER
1944
ATLANTIC
- OCTOBER 1944
25th
-
Canadian destroyer
"SKEENA"
of the 11th EG
was driven ashore and wrecked in a
gale off Reykjavik,
Iceland.
Russian
Convoys
- Convoy JW61
arrived safely at Kola by the end
of the month with all
29 ships. On the 30th October, JW61A
with just two
liners carrying Russian POWs for
repatriation, left
Liverpool and reached Kola Inlet
by 6th November.
Monthly
Loss Summary: For the first time
since September 1939, no merchant
ships were lost
throughout the length and breadth
of the North and South
Atlantic in October 1944; 1 U-boat
in the North Atlantic due
to schnorkel defect.
EUROPE
- OCTOBER 1944
Western
Front - Canadian
First Army attacked north
into Holland and British
Second Army east from the
Nijmegen area towards the
German border. Along the rest of
the front, the US
Army Groups also headed for
the border. At this time
US Ninth Army became operational
and positioned between
British Second and US First
Armies. In all sectors the
Germans fought stubbornly, but by
the 21st had lost their
first city with US First Army's
capture of Aachen and the
breaching of the Siegfried Line.
At this time the
Canadians' task was the most
crucial - to capture the
banks of the Scheldt and allow
vitally needed supplies to
reach Allied forces through
Antwerp. By the end of the
month they had almost cleared the
north and south sides
of the estuary ready for the final
assault on Walcheren
Island.
16th
- Outward
bound from Norway, "U-1006" was
located by the patrolling 6th EG
south of the Faeroes and sunk by
Canadian frigate
"Annan". 27th - During
Home Fleet
operations against German shipping
off Norway, aircraft
of 1771 Squadron from fleet
carrier
Implacable
drove "U-1060" ashore near Namsos.
She was
finished off two days later by
aircraft of Nos 311
(Czech) and 502 Squadrons RAF.
Earlier in the month four
more U-boats were lost in RAF
raids on Bergen and another
three by accident in Norwegian
waters.
Eastern
Front - In
the Arctic, the Russians
started a series of
attacks and amphibious hops which
by the end of the month
had driven the Germans back from
the Murmansk area just
over the border into Norway.
The Russians, now
joined by Norwegian troops, came
to a halt. Still in the
north in the Baltic States, Riga,
capital of Latvia was
captured on the 15th. By then the
Russians had reached
the Baltic north of Memel, which
eventually fell in
January 1945. German troops fell
back in to the Courland
peninsula of Latvia and held out
there until May 1945,
but by the end of October most of
Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania were free.
Following
an abortive
uprising in eastern Czechoslovakia
in late August,
the Russians now attacked over the
Carpathian mountains
from southern Poland and were
across the border in
mid-month.
In the
Balkans, the struggle up
through Hungary continued,
but the Russians could
only reach the outskirts of
Budapest in early November.
Meanwhile the Eastern Allies were
advancing into Yugoslavia
and joined forces with units of
Marshall Tito's partisan
armies on the 4th. Belgrade fell
on the 20th.
Monthly
Loss Summary: 2 British, Allied
and neutral ships of 1,700 tons in
UK waters
MEDITERRANEAN
- OCTOBER 1944
Italy
- Fifth
Army's attack in the centre
towards Bologna ground
to a halt in the wintry mountains,
but over the next
three months Eighth Army to the east
continued to
push its way slowly and painfully
to the southern edge of
Lake Comacchio. Although fighting
carried on through to
March 1945 the Allies did not
start their final offensive
of the Italian campaign until the
better weather in
April. 12th - Returning
from bombarding shore
targets on the northeast coast of
Italy, destroyer
"LOYAL"
was mined in the Adriatic and not
repaired.
Greece
- The
Germans were now coming to the end
of the evacuation of
the Aegean area and northern
Greece as British, Greek and
Allied troops landed in the south
and on many of the
islands. On the 12th Allied
paratroops landed near
Athens. Adm Troubridge's force
continued to sweep the
Aegean for German evacuation
shipping as Royal Navy
submarines also took a toll. 7th
- Destroyers
"Termagant" and "Tuscan" sank
torpedo
boat "TA-37" in the Gulf of
Salonika. 19th
- Further south it was the turn of
"TA-18", lost to the same two
British
destroyers. Both were ex-Italian
vessels.
Monthly
Loss Summary: 1 merchant ship of
3,000 tons
INDIAN
& PACIFIC OCEANS - OCTOBER
1944
Burma
- Following
the repulse of the Japanese around
Kohima and lmphal in
the Spring of 1944, 14th Army, now
including East African
troops had prepared for the main
offensive towards
Mandalay. There were all the
attendant problems of
movement and supply in mountainous
and monsoon country,
and over the major rivers of
Burma. Gen Slim started the
advance in mid-October and by the
middle of November was
over the Chindwin River and
heading for central Burma and
Mandalay, which was taken in March
1945.
Nicobar
Islands -
Between the 17th and 19th ships
and carrier aircraft of
the Eastern Fleet attacked the
Japanese-held islands to
divert attention from the US
landings on Leyte in the
Philippines.
Leyte,
Central
Philippines - Because of
faster-than-planned
progress, the Americans decided to
by-pass the southern
Philippines island of Mindanao and
go straight for Leyte.
On the 20th Gen MacArthur returned
to the Philippines with four Army
divisions. Less than
two and a half years earlier, he
had made his famous
"I will return!" statement. In
preparation for
the landings, Task Force 38 (Adm
Mitscher) of Adm
Halsey's Third Fleet (1)
with a total of 17 fleet and light
carriers
had roamed the Philippine Sea,
hitting the Ryukyu
Islands, Formosa and the
Philippines themselves. Now with
six modern battleships, it was off
Leyte covering the
landings, throughout which Adm
Halsey reported direct to
Adm Nimitz in Pearl Harbor rather
than Gen MacArthur, a
separation of command which
contained the seeds of
potential disaster in the coming
Battles of Leyte Gulf.
Directly under Gen MacArthur,
Vice-Adm Kinkaid's Seventh
Fleet (2) carried out the
invasion and provided close
support. Including ships loaned
from Third Fleet; he had 18 escort
carriers and six old battleships.
Australian cruisers
Australia
and
Shropshire
with two
destroyers were again present. The
one Royal Navy
representative was fast
cruiser-minelayer
Ariadne
(above, sister ship HMS Manxman
- NavyPhotos) serving as an
assault troop carrier.
The US fleets totalled well over
800 ships. 21st - In one
of the first kamikaze or 'heavenly
wind' suicide attacks on Allied
shipping off the beaches, Australia
was hit on the bridge and badly
damaged.
Battles
of Leyte Gulf
(main map above)
The
Japanese
had prepared their response to the
Leyte landings. A Northern
Decoy Force (1) with four
carriers and two converted
battleship/carriers sailed south
from Japan to lure away
Adm Halsey's Third Fleet fast
carriers (1). From west of the
Philippines, a
Centre Strike Force (2) of
five battleships and 12 cruisers
would
approach Leyte Gulf from the
northwest through the San
Bernadino Strait. From the
southwest via the Surigao
Strait, a smaller Southern
Strike Force (3) in two
parts with a total of two
battleships and four cruisers
would also head for Leyte
Gulf. The resulting pincer
movement should be powerful
enough to destroy Gen MacArthur's
transports and savage
the Seventh Fleet (2) now
that Third Fleet's support (1) had
been lured away. In fact the
Japanese
were about to lose three
battleships, four carriers
(admittedly with few aircraft on
board), 10 cruisers and
nine destroyers in the battles and
actions known
collectively as the Battle of
Leyte Gulf. The American
transports were saved, but warship
losses amounted to one
light and two escort carriers,
three destroyer types and
one submarine with other vessels
damaged. The Americans
could have lost far more. On the 23rd,
still to
the north of Borneo, Centre Strike
Force (2) lost two heavy cruisers
and the "Takao" damaged to US
submarines, one of
which ran aground and had to be
destroyed.
Battle
of Sibuyan Sea - On the 24th
the same Centre
Force (2)
was heavily attacked by Third
Fleet (1) aircraft as it neared
the San
Bernadino Strait. The giant
battleship "MUSASHI" was sunk and
the surviving ships
appeared to turn back. As this
happened, US carrier "PRINCETON"
off Luzon in the Philippine Sea
was lost to land-based aircraft
attack. Now the Northern
Decoy Force (1) did
its job and Third Fleet (1)
hurried north, leaving the San
Bernadino
Strait unguarded. Adm Kinkaid's
Seventh Fleet (2) was left with
only escort carriers and
old battleships to protect the
Leyte Gulf beachhead. Battle
of
Surigao Strait - As
the Southern Strike Force (3)
tried to pass through from the
southwest on
the night of the 24th/25th,
it was ambushed by
Seventh Fleet's (2) Adm
Oldendorf with the six old
battleships, cruisers and
destroyers, including the
Australian Shropshire
and destroyer "Arunta".
In the last battleship action ever
fought, the Japanese
battleships "FUSO" and "YAMASHIRO"
and a heavy cruiser were sunk. Battle
of Samar
- Back to the north,
early on the 25th, the
threat was still great as
the main Centre Strike Force (2)
with four surviving battleships
and eight
cruisers sailed through the San
Bernadino Strait to
attack the escort carriers and
accompanying destroyers of
Seventh Fleet (2). The
escort ships and carrier aircraft
fought back bravely,
but the heavy ships sank escort
carrier "GAMBIER
BAY" and three
destroyers. Kamikaze aircraft also
sank escort carrier "ST LO" and
damaged others. In return,
three of the Japanese cruisers
were lost to escort
carrier aircraft attack. Then just
when Centre Force
could have got in among the
transports, it retreated back
the way it came. Battle of
Cape Engano - While the US
escort carriers were
struggling to survive, Adm
Halsey's Third Fleet (1) aircraft
sank all four carriers of
the Northern Decoy Force (1) on
the 25th - "CHITOSE",
"CHIYODA", "ZUIHO" and "ZUIKAKU" -
although by this time their
sacrifice had served no purpose as
Centre Force (2) had failed to
press home its attack
on Leyte Gulf. As Centre Force
retreated, the returning
Third Fleet (1) was too late to
stop it escaping through the San
Bernadino Strait. By any measure
the US Navy and its
carrier aircraft had struck the
Japanese Navy a blow from
which it could never recover.
Monthly
Loss
Summary: Pacific Ocean
only - 1 merchant ship of
7,000 tons
NOVEMBER
1944
ATLANTIC
- NOVEMBER 1944
United
States -
Franklin D. Roosevelt was
re-elected President for an
unprecedented fourth time. Harry S
Truman joined him as
Vice President.
25th
- Canadian
corvette "SHAWINIGAN" on passage
alone off the southwest tip of
Newfoundland was torpedoed and
sunk by
"U-1228". Schnorkel-equipped boats
were still
capable of disrupting Allied
shipping in distant waters.
Russian
Convoys
- UK-bound
convoys RA61 and RA61A
left Kola and passed
through a total of 35 ships in the
month without loss.
Russian-bound JW62 set
out at the end of the month
and reached Kola in early December
with all 30 merchant
ships.
Monthly
Loss Summary: 3 British, Allied
and neutral ships of 8,000 tons in
the Atlantic from all
causes, 1 corvette
EUROPE
- NOVEMBER 1944
Western
Front -
Throughout the month Allied forces
fought their way
slowly towards the German border
and the Siegfried Line.
On the 28th the first deep-sea
merchant ships sailed up
the Scheldt and into Antwerp, and
from then on the Allied
supply position was totally
changed for the better.
Before that happened, the assault
and battle for
Walcheren had to be fought.
1st,
Assault
on Walcheren, Operation
'Infatuate' - The
island of Walcheren was heavily
defended and largely
flooded when the battle took
place. On the 1st,
Army units were carried across the
Scheldt to land on the
south side, while Royal Marines
were put ashore to the
west (at Westkapelle) against
tough resistance. Under the
command of Brig B. W. Leicester,
the 4th Royal Marine
Special Service Brigade consisting
of Nos 41, 47 and 48
Commandos was carried from Ostend
in 180 landing craft.
Capt A. F. Pugsley commanded the
naval forces and heavy
gunfire support was provided by
Warspite,
in
her last action of the war, and
the two monitors
Erebus
and
Roberts.
Many landing
craft were lost in the assault and
by the time the
Germans surrendered on the 8th,
Allied casualties
totalled 8,000. By then the
Canadians had crossed over to
the eastern side of Walcheren from
the mainland and 10
flotillas of minesweepers had
begun the job of clearing
80 miles of the Scheldt.
11th
- On Arctic
patrol off the Lofoten Islands,
submarine
"Venturer" sank "U-771" heading
home for Narvik from
operations in northern waters. 11th
- South of
Ireland
"U-1200" was sunk
by patrolling corvettes
"Kenilworth Castle",
Launceston
Castle,
"Pevensey
Castle" and "Portchester Castle",
then
supporting Halifax/UK convoy
HX317. 25th - On
passage out to the North Atlantic,
"U-322" was sunk west of the
Shetlands by a
Norwegian Sunderland of No 330
Squadron and patrolling
frigate "Ascension".
12th
- The damaged "TIRPITZ"
was
finally destroyed as
she lay at anchor off Tromso,
Norway. Lancasters of Nos 9
and 617 (Dambuster) Squadrons, RAF
Bomber Command using
12,000lb bombs put paid to the
ship that had tied down
the Home Fleet for so long. After
several hits and near
misses by bombs weighing over 5
tons, she turned turtle
trapping nearly 1,000 men inside.
21st
- Escort
destroyer "WENSLEYDALE"
was badly damaged in collision
with an
LST in the Thames Estuary and
placed in reserve.
Eastern
Front - The
main activity was in Hungary
where the Russians
still battled towards Budapest,
and in the Balkans as
southern Yugoslavia was
cleared by the Eastern
Allies.
Monthly
Loss Summary: 3 British, Allied
and neutral ships of 9,000 tons in
UK waters.
MEDITERRANEAN
- NOVEMBER 1944
1st
- Off Zara in
the northern Adriatic, escort
destroyers "Avon
Vale" and "Wheatland" sank German
torpedo
boat "TA-20" and two corvettes -
all
ex-Italian.
Greece
& Albania
- By mid-month Greece was free of
those Germans that
could escape and British troops
had landed in the north.
They also had the job of disarming
the various resistance
movements. In Albania the Germans
were pulling out and on
the 21st the capital of Tirana was
occupied by Albanian
partisans.
Merchant
Shipping
War, Conclusion - Only one
small Allied merchant ship was
lost in the Mediterranean through
to the end of the war.
INDIAN
& PACIFIC OCEANS - NOVEMBER
1944
22nd
- Three days
after sinking a ship in the
shallow Malacca Strait off
the west coast of Malaya,
submarine
"STRATAGEM"
was located and sunk by a Japanese
destroyer on the 22nd.
Leyte,
Central
Philippines - Although the
Japanese managed to
reinforce Leyte, and fight back
with a fierceness that
came as no surprise, they were too
late to stop US forces
from pushing forward throughout
the island. A second
landing at Ormoc Bay
on the west coast took place in
early December, and by the end of
that month organised
resistance was over. All this time
the US Navy suffered
increasing damage in Philippine
waters from kamikaze
attack.
US
Submarine Operations
- By the end of the war, Japan's
merchant marine almost
ceased to exist, a significant
factor in her eventual
defeat. US submarines accounted
for 60 percent of
sinkings as well as a third of
warships. In November
alone they sank battleship "KONGO"
off Formosa, giant carrier
"SHINANO" (built on a 'Yamato'
hull) off
Tokyo only days after her
completion, and small carrier
"SHINYO" off Shanghai.
Monthly
Loss Summary: Indian Ocean - 2
merchant ships of 14,000 tons;
Pacific Ocean - 1 merchant
ship of 7,000 tons
DECEMBER
1944
ATLANTIC
- DECEMBER 1944
Russian
Convoys - Return
Russian convoy RA62
(28 ships) prepared to leave Kola
Inlet on the 10th with
the escort of JW62. Beforehand on
the 9th, Royal
Navy and Russian warships drove
off the waiting U-boats,
and corvette
Bamborough
Castle
serving with
the 8th and 20th EGs sank "U-387".
As the convoy passed Jan Mayen
Island on the 13th,
"U-365" was sent to the bottom by
Swordfish of
813 Squadron flying from escort
carrier
Campania
(later better known for her
association with the 1951 Festival
of Britain in London).
All merchantmen reached Loch Ewe
on the 19th.
27th
- "U-877" encountered Halifax/UK
convoy
HX327 to the northwest of the
Azores and was sunk by
Canadian corvette "St Thomas" of
the C3 group.
Monthly
Loss Summary: 1 merchant ship of
5,000 tons in the Atlantic; 3
German U-boats
EUROPE
- DECEMBER 1944
Western
Front - As
the Allies pushed forward towards
the Siegfried Line, the
Battle of the Bulge started
in the Ardennes. Three
German armies made a last
desperate attempt to drive a
wedge through the junction of US
First and Third Armies,
cross the Meuse and head for
Antwerp. Starting on the
16th along a 60-mile front, the
attackers soon surrounded
American units at Bastogne where
they held out through
the battle. By Christmas the
Germans had been stopped
short of the Meuse. Now US First
Army from the north and
US Third from the south aided by
part of the British
Second Army pushing from the west
began to squeeze them
back.
British
Isles
Inshore Campaign - The
inshore campaign by U-boats gained
some
successes including two frigates,
but four were lost: 6th
- Frigate "BULLEN" of the 19th EG
was sunk off the north coast
of Scotland by an acoustic torpedo
from
"U-775". On the same day in the
same area
frigates "Goodall" and "Loch lnsh"
also with 19th EG, accounted for
"U-297". 17th - Attacking
a convoy
off the south coast of Ireland,
"U-400" was sunk by escorting
frigate
"Nyasaland". 18th -
"U-1209" ran aground near Lands
End at the
far tip of SW England and was
wrecked. 26th -
Frigate "CAPEL" of the 1st EG on
patrol off Cherbourg was
lost to "U-486". 30th -
Allied aircraft
now had few successes against the
schnorkel-equipped
U-boats. An exception was "U-772",
lost off Portland Bill to a RCAF
Leigh Light Wellington of No 407
Squadron. In Norwegian
waters one U-boat was lost in a
RAF raid and another by
collision off the Lofoten Islands.
Eastern
Front - In Hungary
the Russians attacked towards
Budapest, reaching Lake
Balaton early in the month and
encircling the city at
Christmas. Following the setting
up of a provisional
Hungarian Government in the
Russian-held area, war was
declared on Germany on the 31st
and an armistice signed
with the Allies in late January.
Monthly
Loss Summary: 18 British, Allied
and neutral ships of 86,000 tons
in UK waters.
MEDITERRANEAN
- DECEMBER 1944
14th
- 'Hunt'
escort destroyer
"ALDENHAM"
was the 67th and last Royal Navy
destroyer lost in the
Mediterranean. Returning from
bombarding a German-held island
off Fiume in the northern
Adriatic, she was mined and sunk
northwest of Zara.
Greece
-
Disagreements with the Greek
communist movement EAM/ELAS
over the future government of the
country led to fighting
and the declaration of martial
law. British troops,
supported by Royal Navy ships, had
the unenviable task of
fighting their previous allies. By
month's end the
fighting started to die down as
proposals for the
setting-up of a regency were
announced. The troubles were
not over until February 1945, and
flared again with the
outbreak of civil war in 1946.
Strategic
Situation -
Mediterranean
All
the
Mediterranean except
the Ligurian Sea to
the
north of Corsica, the
northern part of the
Adriatic and some of
the Greek islands were
now
under Allied maritime
control
|
INDIAN
& PACIFIC OCEANS -
DECEMBER 1944
Burma
- The central
Burma campaign towards Mandalay
continued. As it did, the
Third and last Arakan offensive
got underway on
the 11th with British, Indian and
West African troops
aiming for Akyab.
British
Pacific Fleet - The Royal
Navy prepared to return
in force to the Pacific, but even
then as a junior
partner to the vast US fleets. At
the end of November the
Eastern Fleet was dissolved
and Vice-Adm Sir
Arthur Power appointed C-in-C of
the newly formed East
lndies Fleet. He took over
some of the ships of the
old Eastern Fleet from Adm
Fraser including
capital ships
Queen
Elizabeth
and
Renown,
four escort carriers and nine
cruisers. Now as the last U-boats
headed back for Europe, Adm Power
had sufficient convoy escort
strength for
Indian Ocean operations. Adm
Fraser became C-in-C,
British Pacific Fleet (BPF) and
early in the month flew
to Sydney, his planned main base,
and then on to Pearl
Harbor to discuss with Adm Nimitz
how the Fleet would be
employed. By the end of the year,
fleet carriers
Illustrious,
Indefatigable,
Indomitable
and
Victorious,
battleships Howe
and King
George V, and seven cruisers
including the New Zealand
Achilles
and
Gambia
had been
allocated to BPF. Adm Fraser's
greatest challenges were
to equip and train his aircrews to
US Navy standards of
operation and to assemble a
balanced fleet train. This
would enable him to supply and
support the fleet so it
could operate alongside but
independent of the Americans
in the vast stretches of the
Pacific. Even at the end he
lacked many of the ships needed,
especially fast tankers.
Rear-Adm Sir Philip Vian took
command of the BPF carriers
and led "Indomitable" and
"Illustrious" on an attack against
Belawan
Deli, northern Sumatra in
mid-month. More raids took
place on Sumatra in January 1945.
(HMS
Indomitable in the Far East
1944-45, a Photographic Record)
Leyte
& Mindoro,
Central Philippines - As
the Leyte fighting drew to
an organised close, Gen
MacArthur's troops landed on Mindoro
on the 15th. They were
soon in possession of the air
bases needed for the
invasion of the main Philippines
island of Luzon to the
north.
Monthly
Loss Summary: Pacific Ocean only
- 6 merchant ships of 43,000 tons