|
JANUARY 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
SATURDAY
1st JANUARY |
SERBIA
1st - King
of Serbia arrives at Salonika (see 15th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN
FRONT
|
WEST AFRICA
1st -
Yaunde (Cameroons) taken by General Dobell's forces (see September 22nd,
1915).
|
|
MONDAY
3rd JANUARY |
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN
FRONT
Gallipoli 1915
Tekke "W" Beach, Gallipoli, at the date of
evacuation (Corbett, Vol 3, pp246)
Helles "V" Beach, at the date of evacuation
(Corbett, Vol 3, pp247) |
MEDITERRANEAN
9th -
General Sir Charles Monro vacates command of the Mediterranean Expeditionary
Force and General Sir William Birdwood vacates command of the Dardanelles
army (see November 25th, 1915). (Sir Charles Monro was appointed later
Commander-in-Chief in India. Sir William Birdwood later temporarily commanded
the Fourth Army in France and then the Australian Corps, till eventually
appointed to command the Fifth Army on May 23rd. 1918.)
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
4th - First
Attempt to relieve Kut begins: relieving force begins advance from Ali Gharbi
(see 21st, and December 7th, 1915).
6th -
Action of Sheikh Sa'ad begins (see 4th and 8th).
8th -
Action of Sheikh Sa'ad ends. |
MINE
WARFARE
6th - H.M.S. "King Edward VII" (below -
Maritime Quest) sunk by mine off
North of Scotland.
GALLIPOLI
7th - Evacuation of
Helles begins (see 8th, and December 28th, 1915). (Plans - far left)
8th - Evacuation of
the Gallipoli Peninsula completed (see 7th, and December 28th, 1915).
(link to British despatches, RN awards and
casualties.)
|
MONDAY
10th JANUARY |
DIPLOMACY
10th -
Entente Governments inform Greek Government of proposed transport of Serbian
Army to Corfu (see 11th and 15th).
12th -
Armistice concluded between Montenegro and Austria (see 20th).
13th - Greek Government refuse consent to the occupation
of Corfu (see 11th).
SERBIA
15th - Serbian Government transferred to Brindisi (see
December 3rd, 1915, and February 9th, 1916).
15th - King of Serbia leaves Salonika (see 1st and 17th).
UNITED
STATES
15th - Von
Papen papers published in U.S.A. (see December 10th, 1915).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
10th -
Mount Lovchen (Montenegro) taken by Austrian forces.
13th -
Cetinje (Montenegro) occupied by Austrian forces.
15th -
First Serbian troops land at Corfu (see 10th, November 30th, 1915, and
February 10th, 1916).
16th -
General Sarrail assumes command of all Allied forces at Salonika (see
December 14th, 1917). |
MEDITERRANEAN
10th -
General Sir A. J. Murray takes over command of the Mediterranean
Expeditionary Force (see 9th).
(link to British despatch on
operations from January to May 1916)
CAUCASUS
FRONT
11th - Russian offensive towards Erzerum begins (see
February 12th).
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
14th -
Action of the Wadi (13th/14th).
14th -
Lieut.-General Sir Percy Luke appointed Commander-in-Chief, Mesopotamia (see
19th, and August 28th).
PERSIA
13th -
Kirmanshah (West Persia) occupied by Turkish forces (see February 26th).
|
CRUISER
WARFARE
15th -
British S.S. "Appam" captured by German raider "Moewe"
(see December 26th, 1915, and February 1st, 1916).
GREECE
11th -
Corfu occupied by French forces (see 10th, 18th and 15th).
|
MONDAY
17th JANUARY |
DIPLOMACY
20th -
Negotiations between Austria and Montenegro broken off. Armistice ceases (see
12th).
22nd - Rumanian Government open negotiations with Russian
Government with a view to military assistance (see August 17th).
BELGIUM
18th -
Baron Beyens succeeds M. J. Davignon as Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs
(M. Davignon was appointed on February 28th, 1914) (see August 4th, 1917).
(Baron Beyens officiated in the appointment from July 26th, 1915, till
January 18th, 1916, during which period M. Davignon was absent, owing to
ill-health.) |
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
22nd -
Antivari (Montenegro) occupied by Austrian forces (see March 1st, 1915, and
November 4th, 1918).
23rd -
Scutari (Albania) occupied by Austrian forces (see October 31st, 1918).
23rd -
Podgoritza (Montenegro) occupied by Austrian forces.
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
17th -
Keupri-Keui (Armenia) again captured by Russian forces (see December 17,
1914).
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT (Also plan - right)
19th -
Lieut.-General Sir Percy Lake takes over command of British forces in
Mesopotamia from General Nixon (see 14th, and August 28th).
21st -
First British Attack on Hanna: First Attempt to relieve Kut fails (see 4th,
and March 8th).
|
MESOPOTAMIA
Lower Mesopotamia (Corbett, Vol 3, Map Case No.1) |
MONDAY 24th JANUARY
|
BRITAIN
24th -
First Military Service Bill passed by British House of Commons (see February
10th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
AVIATION
29th - Last
German airship raid on Paris (see March 21st, 1915, and September 16th,
1918).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
25th - San
Giovanni di Medua (Albania) captured by Austrian forces (see June 26th, 1915,
and October 29th, 1918).
|
|
CONTRABAND CONTROL
26th - United States Government make informal protest to
British Government regarding their " Black List " policy (see
December 23rd, 1915, and July 28th, 1916).
MERCHANT SHIPPING
27th - Shipping Control Committee formed in Great Britain
(see November 3rd and 10th, 1915, and December 22nd, 1916).
|
MONDAY
31st JANUARY |
|
WESTERN
FRONT
AVIATION
31st -
Airship raid on England; furthest penetration westwards; casualties 183 (see
January 19th, 1915, and August 5th, 1918). |
EASTERN
FRONT
|
EAST AFRICA
31st -
General Sir H. Smith-Dorrien resigns appointment as Commander-in-Chief
British Forces, East Africa (see November 22nd, 1915, and February 19th,
1916). (Did not take over command owing to illness.)
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 41 ships of 92,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
FEBRUARY 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
TUESDAY
1ST FEBRUARY |
RUSSIA
1st - M.
Goremikin, Russian Premier, resigns (date of appointment January 30th,
1914). M. Sturmer appointed successor (see July 22nd and November 24th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
AVIATION
2nd -
German airship " L.-19 " founders in the North Sea.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
2nd -
Elbasan (Albania) taken by Bulgarian forces (see October 7th, 1918).
|
|
CRUISER
WARFARE
1st -
British S.S. "Appam" brought to Norfolk, Va., U.S.A., by German prize
crew from raider "Moewe" (see January 15th and March 4th).
|
MONDAY
7th FEBRUARY |
DIPLOMACY
13th - Entente Governments notify Greece of forthcoming
transfer of Montenegrin Army to Corfu (see 16th).
BRITAIN
10th -
Military Service Act comes into operation in Great Britain (see January 24th
and May 16th).
SERBIA
9th -
Serbian Government set up at Corfu (see January 15th and May 7th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
10th -
Remnant of Serbian Army concentrated at Corfu (see January 15th and April
3rd).
11th -
Italian detachment reaches Corfu (see January 11th and 15th).
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
12th -
Russian attack on Erzerum begins (see 16th, and January 11th).
French "Amiral Charner"
H.M.S. "Arethusa"
|
MERCHANT
SHIPPING
10th - German Government send Note to United States
Government stating that defensively armed merchantmen will be treated as
belligerents from March 1st onwards (see 21st).
JAPANESE
NAVY
8th -
British Government request naval assistance from Japan (see November 14th,
1914, and April 17th, 1917).
U-BOAT
WARFARE
8th -
French cruiser "Amiral Charner" (left - Photo Ships) sunk by submarine off Syrian coast.
MINE WARFARE
11th - H.M.S. "Arethusa" (left - Navy Photos)
sunk by mine in North
Sea.
EAST AFRICA
9th -
German gunboat "Hedwig von Wissman" sunk by H.M.S. "Mimi"
and "Fifi" (ex-German Gunboat "Kingani"). British command
of Lake Tanganyika secured (see December 26th, 1915).
(link to British despatch)
|
MONDAY
14th FEBRUARY |
DIPLOMACY
14th -
Entente Powers make declaration guaranteeing to Belgium eventual independence
and indemnification.
16th -
Agreement concluded between British Government and chieftains of the
Bakhtiari (Persia) for co-operation in protection of Persian oilfields.
|
WESTERN
FRONT
AVIATION
16th - War
Office take over anti-aircraft defence of London from the Admiralty, and
become responsible for anti-aircraft defence generally throughout the
kingdom.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
17th -
Berat (Albania) occupied by Austrian forces (see July 10th, 1918).
ITALIAN
FRONT
16th -
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo begins (see March 17th).
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
16th -
Erzerum taken by the Russian forces (see 12th, and March 12th, 1918).
18th - Mush
(Armenia) taken by Russian forces (see August 15th).
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
16th - War
Office take over from the India Office control of operations in Mesopotamia.
WEST AFRICA
17th - Last
German forces in South Cameroons cross border into Spanish territory for
internment (see 18th).
18th -
Mora, the last German post in the Cameroons, surrenders to the British.
18th -
Conquest of the Cameroons by Entente forces completed (see March 3rd).
EAST AFRICA
19th -
Major-General Tighe succeeded by Lieut.-General Smuts in command of British
forces in East Africa (see April 16th, 1915, January 31st, 1916, and January
20th, 1917). |
MERCHANT SHIPPING
16th - British Order in Council extends powers of Ship
Licensing Committee to all voyages (see November 10th, 1915).
GREECE
(plan - below)
16th -
Remnants of Montenegrin army land at Corfu (see 13th).
17th -
Chios occupied by British forces.
Operations in the Aegean (Corbett, Vol 3, Map Case No.5) |
MONDAY
21st FEBRUARY |
BRITAIN
21st -
Lieut.-General Sir H. C. Sclater, Adjutant-General, Home Forces, Great
Britain, resigns (appointed April 9th, 1914) (see 22nd).
22nd
Lieut.-General Sir C. F. N. Macready appointed Adjutant-General, Home Forces,
Great Britain (see 21st, and August 30th, 1918).
ALBANIA
24th -
Provisional Government of Essad Pasha leaves Durazzo (see 28th, and October
4th, 1914).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
21st -
Battle of Verdun begins (see 25th,
and August 31st).
21st -
Lieut.-General Sir C. F. N. Macready, Adjutant-General, British Expeditionary
Force, France, resigns (see 22nd, and August 4th, 1914).
22nd -
Lieut.-General Sir G. H. Fowke appointed Adjutant-General, British
Expeditionary Force, France (see 21st).
25th - Fort
Douaumont (Verdun) stormed by German forces (25th/26th). (see 21st).
AVIATION
21st - German airship " L.Z.-77 " brought down
by French gunfire at Revigny (night 21st/22nd).
|
EASTERN FRONT
BALKAN FRONT
27th - Durazzo captured by Austrian forces
(see December 20th, 1915, and October 2nd, 1918).
ITALIAN
FRONT
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo continues.
|
EGYPT/WESTERN
DESERT
26th -
Senussi defeated by British forces in Action of Agagiya (Western Egypt) (see
December 13th, 1915, and February 5th, 1917).
PERSIA
26th -
Kirmanshah (Western Persia) occupied by Russian forces (see January 13th and
July 1st).
|
CONTRABAND CONTROL
23rd - Ministry of Blockade formed in Great Britain. Lord
Robert Cecil appointed Minister of Blockade (see July 18th, 1918).
MERCHANT SHIPPING
21st - German Government inform United States Government
that defensively armed merchantmen will henceforth be regarded as cruisers (see
10th, 29th, and February 26th, 1917).
23rd - Portugal seizes German steamers in the Tagus (see
March 9th). |
MONDAY
28th FEBRUARY |
ALBANIA
28th -
Albanian Provisional Government of Essad Pasha set up at Naples (see 24th,
and September 20th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of Verdun continues.
AVIATION
28th - The
nucleus of a British air squadron formed to bomb German industrial centres
(see June 5th, 1918).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
ITALIAN
FRONT
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo continues.
|
H.M.S. "Alcantara" in civilian service |
CRUISER WARFARE
29th - Action in North Sea between German raider
"Greif" and British auxiliary cruiser "Alcantara"
(believed right - Photo Ships): both
sunk.
U-BOAT WARFARE
29th - German Government send note to United States
Government stating that it is not intended to postpone the extended submarine
campaign (see 10th, 21st, and March 1st).
WEST AFRICA
29th - Blockade of the Cameroons raised (see 18th, and
April 23rd, 1915).
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral
ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and cruisers etc in the month -
61 ships of 134,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
MARCH 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
WEDNESDAY
1st MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
3rd -
Agreement as to provisional administration of the Cameroons concluded between
French and British Governments (see February 18th).
PERSIA
5th - Prince Firman Firma, Persian Prime Minister, resigns
(see 6th, and December 25th, 1915). Mohtashim ed Douleh, Persian Foreign
Minister, resigns (see 6th, and April 27th, 1915). |
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
ITALIAN
FRONT
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo continues.
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
2nd -
Bitlis (Armenia) taken by Russian forces (see August 15th).
SUDAN
1st -
Hostilities between Sudan Government and Sultan of Darfur begin (see 16th,
and December 31st).
EAST AFRICA
5th -
British advance on Kilimanjaro begins (see 10th and 21st).
|
CRUISER WARFARE
4th - German raider "Moewe" returns to Bremen
(Germany) (see December 26th, 1915, and November 26th, 1916).
U-BOAT WARFARE
1st - German extended
submarine campaign begins (see February 29th).
BLACK SEA
4th - Russian force landed at Atna for attack on Trebizond
(see April 17th). |
MONDAY
6th MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
9th - Germany declares war on Portugal (see February
23rd).
UNITED
STATES
6th - Mr. Baker
appointed United States Secretary for War.
PERSIA
6th -
Sipahsalar A'zam appointed Persian Prime Minister (see 5th, and August 29th).
Sarim ed Douleh appointed Persian Foreign Minister (see 5th, and August
29th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
12th - Allied Military Conference held at Chantilly
regarding a general summer offensive.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
ITALIAN
FRONT
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo continues.
|
MESOPOTAMIAN FRONT
8th - Second attempt to relieve Kut: British relieving
force repulsed at Dujaila Redoubt (see January 21st and April 1st).
PERSIA
12th - Karind (West Persia) occupied by a Russian force
(later withdrawn).
EAST AFRICA
10th - Taveta taken by British forces (see 5th, and August
15th, 1914).
11th - Action of Latema Nek begins (see 5th, 10th, and
12th).
12th - Action of Latema Nek ends (see 11th).
|
|
MONDAY
13th MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
15th -
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Portugal.
15th -
Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal.
FRANCE
16th -
General Roques succeeds General Gallieni as French Minister for War (see
October 30th, 1915, and March 17th, 1917).
PORTUGAL
15th - Dr.
A. Jose d'Almeida succeeds Dr. A. A. da Costa as Portuguese Premier (see
November 29th, 1915, and April 25th, 1917). |
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
18th -
Battle of Lake Naroch (White Russia)
begins (see April 30th).
ITALIAN
FRONT
17th -
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo ends (see February 15th).
|
EGYPT/WESTERN
DESERT
14th -
Sollum (Western Egypt) reoccupied by British forces (see November 23rd,
1915).
19th -
General Sir A. J. Murray takes over command of the Force in Egypt from General
Sir John Maxwell.
(link to British despatch on
operations from January to May 1916)
SUDAN
16th -
Sudan force advances from Nahud into Darfur (see 1st, and May 22nd).
EAST AFRICA
13th - New
Moshi taken by British forces (see 5th and 12th). |
GERMAN NAVY
14th -
Admiral von Tirpitz, German Minister of Marine, resigns (appointed in 1897)
(see 15th).
15th -
Admiral von Capelle appointed German Minister of Marine (see 14th, and August
13th, 1918).
|
MONDAY
20th MARCH |
FRANCE
20th - M.
Denys Cochin appointed French Under-Secretary of State for Blockade (see
August 17th, 1917).
CHINA
22nd - Yuan-Shih-Kai relinquishes the throne of China (see
December 11th, 1915, and June 6th, 1916). |
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
Battle of Lake Naroch (White Russia) continues.
|
EAST AFRICA
21st -
Action of Kahe brings the Kilimanjaro operations to and end (see 5th). German
forces retreat from Kilimanjaro area. |
U-BOAT WARFARE
24th - S.S. "Sussex" (French) (below, with bow
blown off - Photo Ships) torpedoed by
submarine in the English Channel (see April 18th).
|
MONDAY
27th MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
28th -
Inter-Allied Conference in Paris (26th/28th). Declaration of Unity between
Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan. Portugal, Russia, and Serbia
regarding military, economic, and diplomatic affairs, drawn up.
RUSSIA
29th - General
Polivanov, Russian Minster for War resigns, and is succeeded by General Shuvaev
(see June 26th, 1915 and January, 17th, 1917)
JAPAN
29th -
Lieut.-General Oka, Japanese Minister for War, resigns (appointed 16th, 1914)
(see 30th)
30th - Lieut.-General Kenichi Oshima
appointed Japanese Minister for War (see 29th, and September 29th, 1918) |
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
AVIATION
31st - German airship raid on England (east coast).
Airship "L.-15" brought down by gunfire near mouth of the Thames.
|
EASTERN FRONT
Battle of Lake
Naroch (White Russia) continues.
|
|
U-BOAT WARFARE
30th - Russian hospital ship "Portugal" sunk by
submarine in Black Sea.
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 69 ships of 165,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
|
APRIL 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
SATURDAY
1st APRIL |
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
AVIATION
1st - End of period of German mastery of the air on the
Western front (Approximate date.) (see October 1st, 1915).
|
EASTERN FRONT
Battle of
Lake Naroch (White Russia) continues.
|
MESOPOTAMIAN FRONT
1st - Third Attempt to relieve Kut begins (see 5th, and
March 8th).
|
|
MONDAY
3rd APRIL |
DIPLOMACY
3rd - Greek
Government refuse overland route for transport of Serbian army from Corfu to
Salonika (see 15th, and February 10th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN FRONT
Battle of
Lake Naroch (White Russia) continues.
4th -
General Brusilov appointed to command Russian Southern Armies (see June 4th).
|
CAUCASUS FRONT
6th - Russian attack on Trebizond begins (see 17th, and
landing on March 4th).
MESOPOTAMIAN FRONT
5th - Action of Falahiya (see 1st and 6th).
6th - First attack on Sanna-i-Yat (see 5th and 9th).
9th - Second attack on Sanna-i-Yat (see 6th and 22nd).
|
|
MONDAY
10th APRIL |
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN FRONT
Battle of
Lake Naroch (White Russia) continues.
|
EAST AFRICA
11th - Kionga (German East Africa) occupied by Portuguese
forces.
|
NAVAL AVIATION
14th - Constantinople and Adrianople attacked by
aeroplanes of the Royal Naval Air Service from Mudros.
GREECE
15th - Serbian Army Headquarters land at Salonika from
Corfu (see 3rd). |
MONDAY
17th APRIL |
DIPLOMACY
17th -
Italian Government issue decrees prohibiting trading with Germany (see March
1st, 1915).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
Battle of Lake Naroch (White Russia) continues.
BALKANS
19th -
Field-Marshal von der Goltz (see December 10th, 1914, and November 24th,
1915) assassinated by an Albanian officer. |
CAUCASUS
FRONT
17th -
Trebizond (Asia Minor) taken by Russian forces (see 6th, and February 24th,
1918).
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
18th -
Action of Bait Aissa (Mesopotamia) (17th/18th).
22nd -
Third attack on Sanna-i-Yat repulsed (see 9th, 24th and 29th).
EAST AFRICA
17th -
British attack on Kondoa Irangi (German East Africa) begins (see 19th).
19th -
Kondoa Irangi taken by British forces (see 17th, and June 9th).
|
ALLIED
TROOP MOVEMENTS
20th -
Russian troops from the Far East arrive at Marseilles (see July 30th).
U-BOAT
WARFARE
18th -
United States Government send note to German Government on "Sussex"
case (see March 24th) and submarine policy in general (see February 10th).
IRELAND
20th -
Disguised German transport "Aud" sinks herself after capture while
trying to land arms on Irish coast. Roger Casement lands in Ireland from a
German submarine and is arrested (see 24th, and August 3rd).
|
MONDAY 24th APRIL
|
DIPLOMACY
26th -
Agreement signed at Berlin for transfer of British and German wounded and
sick prisoners of war to Switzerland (see May 13th).
26th -
French and Russian Governments conclude "Sykes-Picot" agreement for
eventual partition of Asia Minor (see May 9th and May 23rd).
29th -
"Havre Declaration" signed by France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan,
and Russia guaranteeing integrity of Belgian Congo. |
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of Verdun continues.
IRISH
REBELLION
24th -
Outbreak of Rebellion in Ireland (see May 1st).
27th -
Martial law proclaimed in Dublin and the county (see 24th).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
Battle of Lake Naroch (White Russia) continues.
30th -
Battle of Lake Naroch ends (see March
18th).
|
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
29th -
Capitulation of Kut (plan below) (see 22nd, May 19th, 1916, and December 7th, 1915).
H.M.S. Russell
Sketch Map
of the Tigris, Kut-al-Amarah to Sheikh Saad
|
MINE WARFARE
27th - H.M.S. "Russell" (left - Photo Ships)
sunk by mine in the
Mediterranean.
BRITISH
COASTAL RAID
25th -
Lowestoft (Suffolk) and Yarmouth (Norfolk) raided by German battle cruiser
squadron (see November 26th).
BELGIAN
COAST
24th -
Laying of Belgian coast barrage commenced by British navy.
(link to British despatches, RN awards and casualties.)
MESOPOTAMIA
(plan - left)
24th -
Final attempt to succour Kut: loss of H.M.S. "Julnar" (see 29th).
(link to British despatches, RN awards and casualties)
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 92 ships of 193,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
MAY 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
MONDAY
1st MAY
|
SERBIA
7th -
Serbian Government set up at Salonika (see February 9th, 1916, and December
9th, 1918).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
IRISH
REBELLION
1st -
Collapse of Irish Rebellion—leaders surrender (see 3rd, and April
24th).
3rd - Three
Irish rebel leaders executed (see 1st).
AVIATION
3rd -
German airship "L.-20," returning from raid on Scotland, wrecked at
Stavanger (Norway).
4th - German airship
"L.-7" destroyed off the Slesvig coast. |
EASTERN
FRONT
AVIATION
5th - German airship "L.Z.-85" brought down by
British gunfire at Salonika.
|
PERSIA
7th - Qasr-i-Shirin (Western Persia) occupied by Russian
forces (see December 15th, 1915, June 20th, 1916, and March 25th, 1917).
|
|
MONDAY
8th MAY
|
DIPLOMACY
9th -
British and French Governments conclude " Sykes-Picot " agreement
as to eventual partition of Asia Minor (see April 26th and May 23rd).
10th -
Agreement signed at Berlin re employment of British and German prisoners of
war (see 29th).
13th -
Agreement signed at London for transfer of British and German wounded and
sick prisoners of war to Switzerland (see April 26th, 1916, and July 2nd and
September 11th, 1917). |
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
9th -
Lieut.-General Sir George Milne succeeds Lieut.-General Sir Bryan Mahon as
General Officer Commanding British Forces, Salonika (see October 28th, 1915).
ITALIAN FRONT
14th -
Austrian offensive in the Trentino begins (see June 3rd).
|
PERSIA
11th -
Kwash (East Persia) occupied by British forces.
|
|
MONDAY
15th MAY |
DIPLOMACY
16th -
Agreement concluded between Great Britain and France regarding respective
claims in Turkish territories (see August 18th, 1917).
BRITAIN
16th -
Second Military Service Bill extending compulsion to married men passes the
British House of Commons (see 25th and February 10th).
17th - Air
Board formed in Great Britain (see January 3rd, 1918).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
ITALIAN
FRONT
Austrian offensive in the Trentino continues
|
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
15th -
Rowanduz (Northern Mesopotamia) occupied by Russian forces.
15th -
Khanaqin (North-East of Baghdad) taken by Russian forces (see June 5th).
18th -
Detachment of Cossacks from Russian force in West Persia effects junction
with British army on the Tigris.
19th -
Turkish Army evacuates the As Sinn position and withdraws to Kut (see April
29th and December 13th). |
ARABIA
15th -
Allied blockade of the Hejaz coast to assist revolt of Sherif of Mecca
commenced (see June 7th).
|
MONDAY
22nd MAY
|
DIPLOMACY
23rd -
British Government notify Russian Government of their recognition of
Franco-Russian "Sykes-Picot" agreement as to eventual partition of
Asia Minor (see April 26th, May 9th, and September 1st).
BRITAIN
25th -
Second Military Service Act becomes law in Great Britain (see 16th, and June
8th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
26th - Fort
Rupel (Greek frontier of Macedonia) occupied by Bulgarian and German forces
(see 31st).
ITALIAN
FRONT
Austrian offensive in the Trentino continues.
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
24th -
Mamakhatun (Armenia) taken by Russian forces (see 31st).
SUDAN
22nd -
Sultan of Darfur defeated by Sudan force in affair of Beringiya (Darfur) (see
23rd, March 16th and November 6th).
23rd - El
Fasher (capital of Darfur) occupied by Sudan force (see 22nd).
EAST AFRICA
25th -
British advance from Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland across the frontier into
German East Africa begins (see 27th).
27th - Neu
Langenburg (German East Africa] occupied by British forces (see 25th).
|
CONTRABAND
CONTROL
26th -
United States Government send Note to British Government protesting against
search of mails.
|
MONDAY
29th MAY |
DIPLOMACY
29th -
Agreement signed at London re the employment of British and German prisoners
of war (see 10th).
31st -
Entente Governments protest to Greece against Bulgarian occupation of Fort
Rupel (see 26th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN FRONT
ITALIAN FRONT
Austrian offensive in the Trentino continues.
|
CAUCASUS FRONT
31st - Mamakhatun retaken by Turkish forces (see 24th).
Battle of Jutland - Opening Movements
|
NORTH SEA
31st – Battle
of Jutland begins (see June 1st).
(link to British despatches, RN awards and
casualties)
NAVAL AVIATION
31st - First British aerial co-operation with fleet in
action.
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 64 ships of 127,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
JUNE 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN EUROPE
|
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
THURSDAY
1st JUNE
|
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
2nd - Battle of
Mount Sorrel (Ypres) begins (see 13th).
2nd - Fort Vaux (Verdun) stormed by German forces (German
date. The French claim a foothold till the 7th.) (see November 1st).
|
EASTERN FRONT
4th - Russian
offensive ("Brusilov's Offensive") begins. The first phase of
this offensive is known to the Germans as the "Battle of
Wosuzka-Sereth." (see 11th, and August 17th).
BALKAN FRONT
3rd - Allied Commander proclaims martial law in city of
Salonika (see October 3rd, 1915).
ITALIAN FRONT
3rd - End of the main Austrian offensive in the Trentino
(see 16th, and May 14th).
|
H.M.S. "Black Prince"
S.M.S.
"Rostock"
(both CyberHeritage) |
NORTH SEA
1st – Battle
of Jutland ends (see May 31st). Battleships and cruisers sunk:
BRITISH
"Indefatigable"
"Invincible"
"Queen Mary"
"Black Prince" (left)
"Defence"
"Warrior"
GERMAN
"Pommern"
"Luetzow"
"Elbing"
"Frauenlob"
"Rostock" (left)
"Wiesbaden"
(link to British despatches, RN awards and
casualties)
|
MONDAY
5th JUNE |
BRITAIN
8th -
Second Compulsory Service Act comes into operation in Great Britain (see May
25th and April 10th, 1918).
ITALY
11th -
Signor Salandra, Italian Premier, resigns (see 15th, and May 16th, 1915).
ARABIA
7th - Sherif of Mecca issues proclamation denouncing the
Committee of Union and Progress and proclaiming the Independence of the Hejaz
(see 5th, and October 29th).
CHINA
6th -
Yuan-Shih-Kai, President of China, dies (date of election October 6th, 1913).
Li-Yuan-Hung elected President (see March 22nd, 1916, and July 6th, 1917).
NEW ZEALAND
10th -
Compulsory Service Bill passed in New Zealand (see September 1st).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of Verdun.
Battle of Mount Sorrel (Ypres).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
"Brusilov's Offensive" continues.
11th -
Battle of the Strypa begins (see
30th).
ITALIAN
FRONT
4th –
Local counter-attacks on the Trentino front |
H.M.S. "Hampshire" (Photo
Ships)
ARABIA
5th -
Sherif of Mecca begins revolt against Turkish rule (see 7th, 9th, and October
24th, 1915).
6th -
Attack on Medina by revolting Arabs repulsed by Turkish garrison (see 5th).
9th - Jidda
(Arabia) captured by Arab forces (see 5th).
10th -
Turkish garrison of Mecca surrenders to the Sherif (see 5th).
PERSIA
5th -
Turkish offensive into West Persia begins (Approximate date): Khanaqin
evacuated by Russian forces (see May 15th).
EAST AFRICA
8th -
Bismarckburg (German East Africa) taken by British forces (see May 25th).
9th -
Action of Mkaramo (on Northern Railway in German East Africa). German attack
on Kondoa Irangi (East Africa) begins (see 10th, and April 19th).
10th -
German attack on Kondoa Irangi repulsed (see 9th).
|
MINE
WARFARE
5th -
H.M.S. "Hampshire" (left; plan - below) sunk by mine off Scottish coast. Field-Marshal
Earl Kitchener and his Staff drowned (see August 6th, 1914).
Loss of the "Hampshire" (Newbolt, Vol 4, pp21)
GREECE
6th –
"Pacific blockade" of Greece by Entente Powers begins (see 22nd).
|
MONDAY
12th JUNE |
DIPLOMACY
14th -
Allied Economic Conference reassembles in Paris (see 27th, and June 3rd,
1915).
ITALY
15th -
Signor Boselli appointed Italian Prime Minister (see 11th, and October 25th,
1917).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
13th -
Battle of Mount Sorrel (Ypres) ends
(see 2nd).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
"Brusilov's Offensive" continues
incl Battle of the Strypa.
12th -
Zaleszczyki (Galicia) taken by Russian forces (see July 30th, 1917).
17th -
Czernowitz (Bukovina) reoccupied by Russian forces (see February 17th, 1915,
and August 3rd, 1917).
ITALIAN
FRONT
16th -
Italian counter-offensive in the Trentino begins (see 3rd and July 7th).
|
PERSIA
12th -
Kirman (Persia) occupied by British forces.
|
|
MONDAY
19th JUNE |
DIPLOMACY
21st -
Entente Governments send Note to Greece demanding demobilisation and change
of Government. (Accepted.) (See 27th.)
GREECE
21st - Greek
Cabinet (Skouloudhis) resign (see November 6th, 1915). M. Zaimis forms new
Ministry (see September 11th). |
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
23rd - Fort Thiaumont (Verdun) finally stormed by German
forces. Bulk of position was captured on May 23rd, and this date marks the
limit of the German advance on Verdun. (see 30th).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
"Brusilov's Offensive" continues incl
Battle of the Strypa.
21st -
Radautz (Bukovina) taken by Russian forces.
24th -
Austrian forces driven out of The Bukovina.
ITALIAN
FRONT
Italian counter-offensive in the Trentino
continues. |
PERSIA
20th -
Qasr-i-Shirin (West Persia) taken by Turkish forces (see May 7th, 1916, and
March 25th, 1917).
EAST AFRICA
19th -
Handeni (German East Africa) occupied by British forces.
|
GREECE
22nd - "Pacific blockade" of Greece suspended
(see 6th).
|
MONDAY
26th JUNE |
DIPLOMACY
27th -
Recommendations of Allied Economic Conference ratified (see 14th).
GREECE
27th -
Greek Government order general demobilisation (see 21st).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
30th - Fort Thiaumont (Verdun) retaken by French forces
(see 23rd, and July 1st).
|
EASTERN FRONT
"Brusilov's
Offensive" continues:
30th - Battle of
the Strypa ends (see 11th).
ITALIAN
FRONT
Italian counter-offensive in the Trentino
continues |
June 1916 to April 1917 - Diagram showing
the Progress of the Submarine Campaign in the Various Theatres of
Operations (Newbolt, Vol 4, pp382) |
CONTRABAND CONTROL
30th - British Government conclude further agreement with
the Netherlands Overseas Trust for rationing of Holland (see November 23rd,
1915).
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral
ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and cruisers etc in the month - 68
ships of 109,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's
War Losses)
(see Diagram - left)
|
JULY 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
SATURDAY
1st JULY
|
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battle of
Verdun continues.
1st - Battles of
the Somme, 1916, begin with Battle of Albert, 1916 (1st/13th) (see
November 18th).
AVIATION
1st - Contact patrol, or liaison with infantry, first instituted
in the Royal Flying Corps.
|
EASTERN FRONT
"Brusilov's
Offensive" continues:
2nd - Battle of
Baranovichi begins (see 9th).
ITALIAN
FRONT
Italian counter-offensive in the Trentino
continues |
PERSIA
1st - Kirmanshah reoccupied by Turkish forces (see February
26th, 1916, and March 11th, 1917).
|
|
MONDAY
3rd JULY
|
DIPLOMACY
3rd -
Russian and Japanese Governments conclude treaty with regard to future policy
in the Far East.
BRITAIN
7th - Mr.
Lloyd George succeeds Lord Kitchener as Secretary of State for War, Great
Britain (see June 5th and December 11th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
|
EASTERN FRONT
"Brusilov's
Offensive" continues:
9th - Battle of
Baranovichi ends (see 2nd).
ITALIAN FRONT
7th - Italian counter-offensive in the Trentino ends (see
June 16th).
|
EAST AFRICA
7th - Tanga (German East Africa) occupied by British
forces (see November 5th, 1914).
|
LAWS OF NAVAL WAR
7th - British Government issue Order in Council rescinding
Declaration of London of 1909. French Government issue similar order (see
October 29th, 1914, and November 6th, 1914).
|
MONDAY
10th JULY |
DIPLOMACY
14th -
Inter-Allied Conference, on finance held in London (14th/15th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
14th -
Battle of Bazentin Bidge (Somme) begins (see 17th).
15th - Battle of Delville Wood (Somme) begins (see
September 3rd).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
"Brusilov's Offensive" continues
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
12th -
Mamakhatun (Armenia) again taken by Russian forces (see May 31st).
EAST AFRICA
14th -
Mwanza, on Victoria Nyanza (German East Africa) taken by British forces.
(link to British despatch)
S.M.S. "U.155", ex-"Deutschland" (Photo
Ships) |
CONTRABAND
CONTROL
10th -
German commercial submarine "Deutschland" (below, in later naval
service) arrives at Norfolk (Va.),
from Bremen (set August 23rd).
U-BOAT WARFARE
10th - Russian hospital ship "Vpered" sunk by
submarine in the Black Sea.
BRITISH COASTAL RAID
11th - Seaham harbour (on coast of Durham) shelled by
German submarine. |
MONDAY
17th JULY |
DIPLOMACY
18th - Treaty with Ibn Sa'ud, Emir of Nejd, ratified by
British Government (see December 26th, 1915).
20th - Greek
Government conclude new loan with the Entente (£800,000) ( see November 8th,
1915)
RUSSIA
22nd - M. Sazonov, Russian Foreign Minister, resigns
(appointed in 1910) and is succeeded by M. Sturmer (see February 1st and
November 24th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
17th -
Battle of Bazentin Ridge (Somme) ends (see 14th).
23rd -
Battle of Pozieres Ridge (Somme) begins (see September 3rd).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
"Brusilov's Offensive" continues
|
PALESTINE
FRONT
19th -
Turkish offensive from Oghratina against the Suez Canal begins (see August
4th).
|
|
MONDAY
24th JULY |
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
AVIATION
30th - First aerial operations carried out, by combined
French and British air services on French Western front.
|
EASTERN FRONT
"Brusilov's Offensive" continues
BALKAN
FRONT
25th -
Reconstituted Serbian army comes into action on Salonika front (see April
15th).
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
25th - Erzinjan
(Armenia) captured by Russian forces. (This was the furthest point west
reached by Russian forces. It was evacuated subsequently without further
fighting.)
ARABIA
27th -
Yenbo, port of Medina, surrenders to Arab forces (see June 5th).
S.S. "Brussels" (Photo
Ships)
|
CONTRABAND
CONTROL
28th - United States Government formally protest to
British Government against " Black List " policy (see October 22nd,
1914, December 23rd, 1915, and January 26th, 1916).
29th -
German Government send Note to United States Government rejecting British offer
to permit passage of foodstuffs to Poland from United States of America.
ALLIED TROOP
MOVEMENTS
30th - Russian
troops from France land at Salonika and join Allied force (see April 20th).
U-BOAT
WARFARE
27th -
Captain Fryatt, of British S.S. "Brussels," (left)
shot by order of a
German court-martial in Belgium. |
MONDAY
31st JULY |
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
"Brusilov's Offensive" continues
|
EAST AFRICA
31st - Kilimatinde (German East Africa) taken by British
forces.
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 98 ships of 111,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
AUGUST 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
TUESDAY
1st AUGUST |
IRELAND
3rd - Roger
Casement executed (see April 20th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
|
EASTERN FRONT
"Brusilov's
Offensive" continues
BALKAN FRONT
2nd – Battle of Doiran (South Serbia) begins
ITALIAN FRONT
6th - Battle of Gorizia (6th Battle of the Isonzo) begins
(see 17th).
|
PALESTINE FRONT
4th - Battle of Rumani (Sinai) (4th/5th) (see July 19th).
EAST AFRICA
3rd -
Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika (German East Africa), occupied by Belgian forces.
5th - Advance of main body of British force in East Africa
through the Nguru Hills begins (see 11th). |
ITALIAN
NAVY
2nd -
Italian Dreadnought "Leonardo da Vinci" (below -
Photo Ships) sunk by internal explosion
in harbour at Taranto.
|
MONDAY
7th AUGUST |
PORTUGAL
8th -
Portuguese Government decide to extend military co-operation to Europe, (see
November 23rd, 1914, December 4th, 1914, and January 3rd, 1917).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
|
EASTERN FRONT
"Brusilov's
Offensive" continues.
10th - Stanislau again taken by Russian forces (see June
8th, 1915, and July 24th, 1917).
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
Doiran (South Serbia) continues.
ITALIAN FRONT
6th Battle
of the Isonzo continues.
9th - Gorizia taken by Italian forces (see 6th).
|
PERSIA
10th - Hamadan (Western Persia) taken by Turkish forces
(Approximate date.) (see December 14th, 1916, and March 2nd, 1917).
EAST AFRICA
11th - Mpwapwa (German East Africa) occupied by British
forces (see 5th).
|
ALLIED TROOP MOVEMENTS
12th - Italian troops land at Salonika and join Allied
force (see October 3rd, 1915, and July 30th, 1916).
|
MONDAY
14th AUGUST |
DIPLOMACY
17th -
Rumanian Government conclude agreement with Entente Powers regarding
intervention (see 27th, and January 22nd).
17th -
Military convention signed at Bukharest between Entente Powers and Rumania.
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
17th -
End of "Brusilov's Offensive"
(Approximate date.) (see June 4th).
BALKAN
FRONT
Battle of
Doiran (South Serbia) continues
17th -
Battle of Florina (Macedonia) begins (see 19th).
19th - Battle of Florina (German name and dates) ends (see
17th).
ITALIAN
FRONT
6th Battle of the Isonzo continues
17th -
Battle of Gorizia (6th Battle of the Isonzo) ends (see 6th).
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
15th - Mush
and Bitlis (Armenia) reoccupied by Turkish forces (see 24th, February 18th
and March 2nd).
Bagamoyo: Sketch Showing the Landing Operations |
U-BOAT WARFARE
19th - H.M.S. "Falmouth" (below -
CyberHeritage/Terry Phillips) and
"Nottingham" sunk by submarine in North Sea.
EAST AFRICA
15th -
Bagamoyo (German East African coast) (plan - left) occupied by British forces.
(link to part of British
despatch) |
MONDAY
21st AUGUST |
DIPLOMACY
24th - Anglo-French
Conference on finance held at Calais.
27th - Rumanian Government order mobilisation, and declare
war on Austria-Hungary (see 17th and 28th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battle of
Verdun.
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
|
EASTERN FRONT
RUMANIA
25th - Russian forces cross the Danube into the Dobrudja
to assist the Rumanian forces (see 17th, 27th, and September 2nd).
BALKAN FRONT
21st - Battle of Doiran (South Serbia) ends
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
23rd -
Battle of Payat (Armenia).
24th -
Bitlis and Mush (Armenia) again taken by Russian forces (see 15th, and April
30th, 1917).
EAST AFRICA
22nd -
Kilosa (German East Africa) taken by British forces.
26th -
Morogoro (German East Africa) taken by British forces.
|
CONTRABAND
CONTROL
23rd -
German commercial submarine "Deutschland" returns to Germany (see
July 10th).
|
MONDAY
28th AUGUST |
DIPLOMACY
28th -
Germany declares war on Rumania (see 27th).
28th -
Italy declares war on Germany (see May 24th, 1915).
30th - Turkey declares war on Rumania (see 28th).
30th - Rumania severs diplomatic relations with Bulgaria
(see September 1st).
GERMANY
29th - Field-Marshal von Hindenburg succeeds General von
Falkenhayn as Chief of the General Staff of the German Field Armies (see
September 14th and November 27th, 1914), with General von Ludendorff as Chief
Quartermaster-General (see October 27th, 1918).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916 continue.
31st - Battle of
Verdun ends. This is the French date for the close of ''The Defensive
Battle of Verdun." The German list carries the battle up to September
9th. (see February 21st).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
RUMANIA
28th -
Rumanian forces cross Hungarian frontier and invade Transylvania (see 27th).
29th -
Brasov (Transylvania) occupied by Rumanian forces (see 28th, and October
7th).
BALKAN FRONT
30th -
Venizelist revolt in Salonika (see September 25th and October 9th).
|
MESOPOTAMIAN FRONT
28th - General Sir Stanley Maude succeeds Lieut.-General
Sir Percy Lake as Commander-in-Chief, Mesopotamia (see January 19th, and
November 18th, 1917).
EAST AFRICA
29th - Iringa (German East Africa) taken by British
forces.
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 144 ships of 166,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
SEPTEMBER 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
FRIDAY
1st SEPTEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
1st -
Bulgaria declares war on Rumania (see August 30th).
1st -
Russian and British Governments conclude " Sykes-Picot " agreement
as to eventual partition of Asia Minor (see April 26th, and May 9th and
23rd).
NEW ZEALAND
1st -
Compulsory Military Service Bill in New Zealand comes into operation (see
June 10th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916 continue:
3rd - Battle of Guillemont (Somme) begins (see 6th).
3rd - Battles of Delville Wood and Pozieres (Somme) end
(see July 15th and 23rd).
AVIATION
2nd - German raid by fourteen airships
(greatest number to attack simultaneously) on London and other parts of
England. Airship " S.L.-11 " destroyed by aeroplane at Cuffley
(night 2nd/3rd).
|
EASTERN FRONT
RUMANIA
1st - Sibiu (Transylvania) taken by Rumanian forces (see
26th).
2nd - German and Bulgarian forces
invade the Dobrudja (see August 25th, 1916, January 6th, 1917, and December
3rd, 1918).
|
|
GREECE
2nd - German ships in Piraeus harbour
seized by the Allies.
|
MONDAY
4th SEPTEMBER |
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916 continue:
6th - Battle of Guillemont (Somme) ends (see 3rd).
9th - Battle of Ginchy (Somme).
|
EASTERN FRONT
RUMANIA
6th - Tutrakan (Dobrudja) taken by Bulgarian forces (see
2nd).
8th - Orsova (Hungary) occupied by Rumanian forces (see
August 28th and November 22nd).
10th - Silistra (Dobrudja) taken by German and Bulgarian
forces (see 2nd). |
EAST AFRICA
4th - Dar es Salaam (German East Africa - plan, left) surrenders to
British forces (see August 8th, 1914).
7th - British pursuit of retreating German force in East
Africa checked at Affair of Kisaki
7th - Kilwa, on East African coast, occupied by British
naval forces.
|
The Coast of East Africa
|
MONDAY
11th SEPTEMBER |
GREECE
11th - M.
Zaimis, Greek Premier, resigns (see 16th, and June 21st).
16th - M.
Kalogeropoulos forms new Greek Ministry (see 11th, and October 3rd).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916 continue:
15th - Battle of Flers-Courcelette (Somme) begins (see
22nd). "Tanks" in action for the first time (see July 28th, 1917).
AVIATION
15th - Aeroplane co-operation with tanks instituted by the
British Air Force. |
EASTERN FRONT
ITALIAN FRONT
14th - Seventh Battle of the Isonzo begins (see 18th).
|
|
EAST AFRICA
17th - Lindi, on East African coast, occupied by British
naval forces.
|
MONDAY
18th SEPTEMBER |
ALBANIA
20th -
Albanian Government of Essad Pasha set up in Salonika (see February 28th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916 continue:
22nd - Battle of Flers-Courcelette (Somme) ends (see
15th).
AVIATION
23rd - Airship raid on England (East Coast and London)
involving serious casualties (170, mostly civilian); "L.-32"
destroyed by aeroplane at Billericay ; "L.-33" brought down by
gunfire in Essex (night 23rd/24th).
24th - Krupp works at Essen bombed by French aeroplanes.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
18th -
Greek IVth Army Corps at Kavala surrenders voluntarily to German forces.
ITALIAN
FRONT
18th -
Seventh Battle of the Isonzo ends (see 14th).
|
ARABIA
22nd - Turkish garrison of Taif (Hejaz) surrenders to Arab
forces (see June 5th).
EAST AFRICA
19th -
Tabora (capital of German East Africa) occupied by Belgian forces.
|
AEGEAN
19th -
Allies commence blockade of Greek Macedonian coast from mouth of the Struma
to mouth of the Mesta (see December 15th, 1915). |
MONDAY
25th SEPTEMBER |
GREECE
25th - M.
Venizelos withdraws from Athens (see 29th, and August 30th).
29th - M. Venizelos and Admiral Condouriotis announce
formation of Greek Provisional Government in Crete in opposition to the
Government at Athens (see December 19th). |
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916 continue:
25th -
Battle of Morval (Somme) begins (see 28th).
26th -
Battle of Thiepval Ridge (Somme) begins (see 28th).
28th - Battles of Morval and Thiepval Ridge end (see 25th
and 26th). |
EASTERN
FRONT
RUMANIA
26th -
Battle of Sibiu (Transylvania) begins (see 29th).
29th -
Battle of Sibiu ends: city retaken by Austrian forces (see 1st and 26th).
|
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 180 ships of 232,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
26th - S.S. "Newby" (above) sunk by "U.35" in the
Mediterranean
|
OCTOBER 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
SUNDAY
1st OCTOBER |
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916 continue:
1st - Battle of the Transloy Ridges (Somme) begins (see
18th).
1st - Battle of the Ancre Heights (Somme) begins (sec
November 11th).
AVIATION
1st - German airship "L.-31" destroyed by
aeroplane at Potter's Bar, near London (night 1st/2nd).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
|
|
|
MONDAY
2nd OCTOBER |
GREECE
3rd - Greek
Cabinet (Kalogeropoulos) resign (see 10th, and September 16th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916 continue.
|
EASTERN FRONT
RUMANIA
7th - Battle of Brasov (Transylvania) (7th/9th): city
retaken by Austro-German forces (see August 29th).
BALKAN FRONT
5th - Battle of the Cerna and Monastir begins (see
November 19th and December 11th). (plan - right) |
The Balkans (Newbolt, Vol 4, pp100) |
U-BOAT WARFARE
8th - German submarine "U.-53"
(below -
Photo Ships)
captures and
destroys five ships outside Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
|
MONDAY
9th OCTOBER |
GREECE
9th - M.
Venizelos arrives at Salonika (see August 30th, and September 25th and 29th)
10th - Professor Lambros forms new Greek Ministry (see
3rd, September 29th, 1916, and May 3rd, 1917).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916, continue.
|
EASTERN FRONT
RUMANIA
14th - Transylvanian frontier of Rumania crossed by German
forces (see August 28th and September 29th).
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
ITALIAN
FRONT
9th -
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo begins (see 12th).
12th -
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo ends (see 9th). |
|
GREEK NAVY
10th - Entente Governments send ultimatum to Greek
Government demanding surrender of the Greek fleet (below, including
destroyer "Doxa" - Photo Ships) (see 11th).
11th - Greek Government accept Entente demands (see 10th).
U-BOAT WARFARE
13th - Norwegian Government issue orders prohibiting
belligerent submarines from using Norwegian territorial waters (see February
1st, 1917).
|
MONDAY
16th OCTOBER |
DIPLOMACY
20th -
Anglo-French Conference held at Calais to discuss Greek participation in the
war.
AUSTRIA
21st - Count Sturgkh, Austrian Premier, murdered
(appointed Premier November 3rd, 1911) (see 28th). |
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916, continue:
18th -
Battle of the Transloy Ridges (Somme) ends (see 1st).
|
EASTERN FRONT
RUMANIA
22nd - Constanza (Dobrudja) captured by German and
Bulgarian forces.
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
|
EGYPT/WESTERN
DESERT
17th -
Affairs in the Dakhla Oasis (West Egypt) begin (see 22nd).
22nd -
Affairs in the Dakhla Oasis end (see 17th).
|
RUSSIAN NAVY
20th -
Russian battleship "Imperatritsa Mariya" (below - Photo Ships) destroyed by internal
explosion at Sevastopol.
|
MONDAY
23rd OCTOBER |
GERMANY
30th - Lieut.-General von Stein succeeds Lieut.-General
Wild von Hohenborn as German Minister for War (see January 21st, 1915, and
October 9th, 1918).
AUSTRIA
28th - Dr.
E. von Korber appointed Austrian Premier (see 21st, and December 14th).
ARABIA
29th -
Sherif of Mecca proclaimed "King of the Arabs" (see June 7th and
November 4th). |
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of
the Somme, 1916, continue
24th -
"First Offensive Battle" of
Verdun (French name and date) begins
(see December 18th). Fort Douaumont recaptured by French forces (see
February 25th, August 31st, and November 1st).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
RUMANIA
25th -
Cernavoda (Dobrudja) captured by Bulgarian forces (see 22nd).
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
|
The Dover Straits Barrage (Newbolt, Vol 4, pp54) |
MINE WARFARE
28th - British hospital ship "Galeka" (see H.S.
"Britannic" below) totally
wrecked by mine off Havre.
STRAITS OF
DOVER (plan - left)
26th -
First German destroyer raid in Dover Straits (night 26th/27th) (see April
20th, 1917).
|
MONDAY
30th OCTOBER |
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
"First
Offensive Battle" of Verdun.
|
EASTERN FRONT
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
ITALIAN
FRONT
31st - Ninth Battle of the Isonzo begins (see November
4th). |
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 201 ships of 352,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
NOVEMBER 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
WEDNESDAY
1st NOVEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
5th -
Germany and Austria proclaim an "Independent State of Poland" (see
April 3rd, 1915, and March 30th, 1917).
ARABIA
4th -
Coronation of the "King of the Arabs" at Mecca (see October 29th
and December 15th). |
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battles of
the Somme, 1916.
"First
Offensive Battle" of Verdun:
1st - Fort
Vaux (Verdun) recaptured by French forces (see June 2nd).
|
EASTERN FRONT
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
ITALIAN
FRONT
4th - Ninth
Battle of the Isonzo ends (see October 31st). |
|
|
MONDAY
6th NOVEMBER |
UNITED
STATES
7th - Mr.
Wilson re-elected President of the United States.
|
WESTERN FRONT
Continuing:
Battles of
the Somme, 1916:
11th - Battle of the Ancre Heights (Somme) ends (see
October 1st).
"First
Offensive Battle" of Verdun.
|
EASTERN FRONT
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
|
PERSIA
12th - Shiraz (South Persia) occupied by British forces.
SUDAN
6th -
Affair of Gyuba (Darfur). Forces of Ali Dinar, ex-Sultan of Darfur, defeated
by Sudan force. Ali Dinar killed (see May 22nd). |
|
MONDAY
13th NOVEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
15th -
Inter-Allied Conference held in Paris to discuss: (a) the relations between
Governments and Staffs; (b) policy and strategy; (c) Greece; (d) Poland.
(Conference continued on 16th.)
19th - Entente Governments demand dismissal of Ministers
of Central Powers at Athens and surrender of Greek military material (see
December 1st). |
WESTERN FRONT
"First
Offensive Battle" of Verdun continues.
13th -
Battle of the Ancre, 1916, begins (see 18th): Beaumont-Hamel stormed by
British forces.
18th -
Battle of the Ancre, 1916, ends (see 13th), and Battles of the Somme, 1916,
end (see July 1st, 1916, March 14th and April 5th, 1917, and March 21st,
1918).
|
EASTERN FRONT
RUMANIA
16th - Battle of Targa-Jiu, Rumania
(16th/17th).
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
19th - Monastir (Serbia) captured by
Allied forces (see October 5th, 1916, and December 2nd, 1915).
|
PALESTINE FRONT
15th - British advance into Sinai begins (see
December 21st).
INDIA
15th -
Third Affair of Hafiz Kor (North-West Frontier of India).
|
|
MONDAY
20th NOVEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
23rd -
Greek Provisional Government (M. Venizelos) at Salonika declare war on
Germany and Bulgaria (see September 29th, 1916, and June 27th, 1917).
GERMANY
20th - Herr
von Jagow, German Foreign Minister, resigns (appointed January 1913) (see
21st).
21st - Dr.
Artur Zimmermann appointed German Foreign Minister (see 20th, and July 15th,
1917).
AUSTRIA
21st -
Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria dies. Archduke Karl succeeds to the throne.
RUSSIA
24th - M.
Sturmer, Russian Premier and Foreign Minister, resigns, and is succeeded by
M. Trepov as Premier (see February 1st, July 22nd, and December 2nd and 12th,
1916, and January 8th, 1917). |
WESTERN
FRONT
"First Offensive Battle" of Verdun
continues.
AVIATION
25th - The
German air forces established as a separate branch of the German army.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
RUMANIA
21st -
Craiova (Rumania) taken by German forces.
22nd -
Orsova (Hungary) taken by Austro-German forces (see September 8th).
23rd -
Mackensen's army effects passage of the Danube at Islaz and Simnitza.
BALKAN
FRONT
Battle of the Cerna and Monastir continues.
|
PALESTINE FRONT
British advance into Sinai continues
F.S. "Suffren" (Maritime Quest)
H.S.
"Britannic" (with H.S. "Galeka"
alongside - Photo Ships)
|
CRUISER
WARFARE
22nd -
German commerce raider "Seeadler" leaves Germany (approximate
date.) (see August 2nd, 1917).
26th -
German raider "Moewe" sails from Kiel on second cruise (see March
4th, 1916, and March 22nd, 1917).
U-BOAT
WARFARE
26th -
French battleship "Suffren" (left) sunk by submarine in the Bay of Biscay.
MINE
WARFARE
21st -
British hospital ship "Britannic" (left) sunk by mine in Aegean Sea.
23rd -
British hospital ship "Braemar Castle" damaged and beached in
Aegean Sea—probably mined.
BRITISH
COASTAL RAID
26th -
Second German naval raid on Lowestoft (see April 25th).
|
MONDAY
27th NOVEMBER |
|
WESTERN FRONT
"First
Offensive Battle" of Verdun continues.
AVIATION
27th - German airship raid on East coast of England:
airship "L.-34" destroyed by aeroplane off Hartlepool, and
"L.-21" destroyed by aeroplane off Yarmouth (night 27th/28th).
28th - First German daylight aeroplane raid on London (by
single aeroplane) (see December 21st, 1914, and May 7th, June 13th and July
7th, 1917). |
EASTERN FRONT
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
|
PALESTINE FRONT
British advance into Sinai continues
|
ROYAL NAVY
29th - Admiral Sir David Beatty appointed to succeed
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe as Commander-in-Chief, Grand Fleet (see December
4th).
GREECE
30th - Allied forces landed at the Piraeus (see December
1st).
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 185 ships of 329,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
DECEMBER 1916
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
FRIDAY
1st DECEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
1st - Greek Government refuse Entente demands (see
November 19th).
2nd -
Russian Premier (M. Trepov) announces that the Allies have acknowledged
Russia's right to Constantinople and the Straits (see March 12th and April
12th, 1915).
BRITAIN
1st - Last
meeting of War Committee of British Cabinet (see 9th, and November 3rd,
1915).
RUMANIA
1st -
Rumanian Government removed from Bucharest to Jassy (see November 30th,
1918).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
"First Offensive Battle" of Verdun
continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
RUMANIA
1st -
Battle of the Arges (Rumania) begins (see 5th).
BALKAN
FRONT
Battle of the Cerna and Monastir continues.
GREECE
1st -
Allied forces withdrawn from Athens and the Piraeus after conflicts with
Greeks (see November 30th, 1916, and January 24th, 1917).
|
PALESTINE FRONT
British advance into Sinai continues
|
MERCHANT
SHIPPING
3rd -
British and French Governments conclude agreement (the "Clementel
Agreement"): (1) to unite British ships in French service to those
already employed ; (2) to co-ordinate Allied tonnage ; (3) to create
inter-allied bureau to centralise charter of neutral shipping (see January
6th, November 3rd, and December 3rd, 1917).
ROYAL NAVY
3rd -
Admiral Sir Henry Jackson, First Sea Lord, Great Britain, resigns (see 4th,
and May 28th, 1915).
CRUISER
WARFARE
1st -
German commerce raider "Wolff" leaves Germany (approximate date.)
(see February 24th, 1918).
U-BOAT
WARFARE
3rd -
Funchal (Madeira) bombarded by German submarine (see December 12th, 1917).
|
MONDAY
4th DECEMBER |
BRITAIN
4th - Mr.
Asquith, British Premier, resigns (appointed April 8th, 1908). (see 7th).
7th - Mr. Lloyd George succeeds Mr. Asquith as British
Premier (see 4th).
9th - War Cabinet formed in Great Britain. (The War
Committee (see November 3rd, 1915) which held their last meeting on December
1st ceased to function on the formation of the War Cabinet which undertook
the duties of the War Committee.) First Meeting held (see 1st)
|
WESTERN FRONT
"First
Offensive Battle" of Verdun continues.
|
EASTERN FRONT
8th - Murman Railway (from Murmansk to Petrograd) declared
open.
RUMANIA
(plan - right)
5th - Battle of the Arges (Roumania) ends (see 1st).
6th - Bukharest capitulates to the German forces (see
November 30th, 1918).
BALKAN FRONT
Battle of
the Cerna and Monastir continues.
GREECE
6th - Massacre of Venizelists in Athens (see 1st, and
November 23rd). |
PALESTINE FRONT
British advance into Sinai continues
The Navy in Roumania
|
ROYAL NAVY
4th -
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe appointed First Sea Lord, Great Britain (see 3rd,
August 4th, 1914, November 29th, 1916 and December 20th, 1917).
GREECE
7th -
Entente Governments announce forthcoming blockade of Greece from December 8th
(see 1st).
8th -
Entente Powers begin blockade of Greece (see 7th).
|
MONDAY
11th DECEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
11th -
Allied Note presented to Greece demanding complete demobilization (see 1st and
14th).
12th - Identical Notes presented by Austro-Hungarian,
Bulgarian, German, and Turkish Governments to United States Ambassadors in
their respective countries requesting them to inform the Governments of the
Entente Powers that the four Allied Central Powers are ready to negotiate for
peace (see 30th).
14th -
Entente Powers send Ultimatum to Greece; withdrawal of entire Greek Armies
from Thessaly demanded (see 11th and 15th).
15th -
Greek Government accept Allied Ultimatum (see 14th).
15th - British Government recognise the "King of the
Arabs" as the King of the Hejaz (see November 4th).
BRITAIN
11th - Mr.
Lloyd George's Coalition Ministry formed in Great Britain (see 7th, and May
25th, 1915). Lord Derby appointed Secretary of State for War, Great Britain,
in succession to Mr. Lloyd George (see September 30th, 1915, and July 7th and
April 20th, 1918). Viscount Grey, British Secretary for Foreign Affairs,
resigns (appointed December 11th, 1905). Mr. Arthur Balfour, First Lord of
the Admiralty, resigns, and is appointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs (see
12th, and May 28th, 1915). Ministry of Labour formed in Great Britain.
FRANCE
12th -
Reorganisation of French Government. M. Briand remains Premier. New War
Cabinet of five Ministers formed. General Joffre (see December 3rd, 1915)
becomes Technical Military Adviser to the War Cabinet.
AUSTRIA
14th - Dr.
von Korber, Austrian Premier, resigns (see 21st, and October 28th).
GREECE
17th - Greek Government issue warrant for arrest of M.
Venizelos on charge of high treason (see August 30th and September 29th,
1916, and June 26th, 1917). |
WESTERN
FRONT
"First Offensive Battle" of Verdun
continues.
12th -
General Nivelle becomes Commander-in-Chief of French Northern and
North-Eastern Groups of Armies (see May 15th, 1917).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
BALKAN
FRONT
11th -
Battle of the Cerna and Monastir ends (see October 5th).
|
PALESTINE FRONT
British advance into Sinai continues
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
13th -
British operations for the capture of Kut begin (see May 19th, 1916 and January
9th, 1917).
|
ROYAL NAVY
11th - Mr.
Arthur Balfour, First Lord of the Admiralty, Great Britain, resigns.
12th - Sir
Edward Carson succeeds Mr. Balfour as First Lord of the Admiralty, Great
Britain (see 11th, and July 19th, 1917).
MINE
WARFARE
11th - Italian
battleship "Regina Margherita" (below - Photo Ships) sunk on Italian minefield.
|
MONDAY
18th DECEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
18th -
President Wilson issues Circular Note suggesting negotiations for peace (see
26th).
19th -
British Government decide to recognise Government of M. Venizelos (see
September 29th).
BRITAIN
19th -
British Government decide to institute National Service (see November 1st,
1917).
19th -
British Government decide to initiate Imperial Conference (see March 20th,
1917).
22nd -
Ministry of Food formed in Great Britain (see 26th). Ministry of Pensions
formed in Great Britain.
AUSTRIA
21st -
Count Heinrich Clam-Martinitz appointed Austrian Premier (see 14th, and June
18th, 1917). |
WESTERN
FRONT
18th -
"First Offensive Battle" of
Verdun ends (see October 24th, 1916, and August 20th, 1917).
|
EASTERN
FRONT
|
PALESTINE
FRONT
21st - El
Arish (Sinai) occupied by British forces (see November 15th).
23rd -
Affair of Magdhaba (Sinai).
|
MERCHANT
SHIPPING
22nd -
Ministry of Shipping formed in Great Britain (see January 27th).
|
MONDAY
25TH DECEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
26th -
Anglo-French Conference meets in London to discuss the German and United
States "Peace Notes"; also the situation in Greece, the Salonika
expedition, and the division of the front in the Western Theatre. (Discussion
continued on the 27th and 28th.)
26th - German, Austro-Hungarian and Turkish Governments
send reply to President Wilson's Note; immediate meeting of delegates
suggested (see 18th, and January 10th, 1917).
30th - Entente Governments reject German peace proposals
(see 12th, and January 11th, 1917).
30th -
Bulgarian Government reply accepting President Wilson's Note (see 18th, and
January 10th, 1917).
FRANCE
26th - General Joffre created Marshal of France (see
12th).
RUSSIA
31st -
Rasputin murdered in Petrograd. |
WESTERN
FRONT
30th -
British and Chinese Governments conclude agreement for employment of Chinese
labour in France. |
EASTERN
FRONT
|
SUDAN
31st - Campaign of the Sudan forces in Darfur comes to an
end (see March 1st).
|
U-BOAT WARFARE
27th - French battleship "Gaulois" (below -
Photo Ships) sunk by
submarine in the Mediterranean.
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to
enemy submarines, mines and cruisers etc in the month - 207 ships of 357,000
tons gross. Total for 1916 – 1,410 ships of 2,367,000 tons gross
(Lloyd's War Losses)
|